Cervical cancer is malignant cancer of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages. Treatment consists of surgery (including local excision) in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease.
Pap smear screening can identify potentially precancerous changes. Treatment of high grade changes can prevent the development of cancer. In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by 50% or more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer.[1] HPV vaccine effective against the two strains of HPV that cause the most cervical cancer has been licensed in the U.S. and the EU. These two HPV strains together are currently responsible for approximately 70% [2] [3] of all cervical cancershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer

Negative effect of obesity on a person’s health is known for a long time and is found in the writings of Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna.

Avicenna first described the relationship between obesity and male infertility in his encyclopedic medical book “The canon of medicine”.

In women effects of obesity on reproductive function are readily known by their altered menstrual periods where as in men they are less evident.

A new study conducted by researchers at Pennsylvania state university college of medicine in Hershey suggests that obesity may reduce fertility in men. In their study they noticed that average body mass index was lower (around 28) in men who fathered a child and high (BMI nearly 32) in men who never fathered a child, the hormonal levels (Testosterone, FSH and LH hormones) were low in obese men when compared with others causing the testis not to function properly in turn leading to abnormal sperm production....

This is a type of developmental abnormality of the uterus happening during the formation of the baby.

In a developing fetus (between 10-20 wks of pregnancy) the uterus forms via the apposition of a portion of two hollow tubes called mullarian ducts. The dissolution of the walls of these ducts along their site of apposition allows formation of the single uterus and intrauterine cavity.

Incomplete or failed fusion of these tubes can cause double uterus. (Many other abnormalities are seen depending on extent of failed fusion and dissolution of the opposed walls)

This particular abnormality (double uterus) goes undiagnosed in same women. But in same if can cause Infertility, repeated pregnancy losses, Ectopic Pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb) and abnormal lie of the baby in the womb leading to difficulty in normal delivery.

In a recent...

Intensive use of mobile phones has raised concern about possible health problems caused by Radio frequency electro magnetic waves emitted by these devices
A new study (sept 2008) from Cleveland clinic showed that if Men keep their phones on and in their front pockets the mobility and viability of their semen could be adversely affected. Anu Gokhale, technology professor at ISU said that studies have found the harmful effect of electromagnetic radiation given out by cell phones on body tissues.

The Cleveland clinic involved 32men in their study. Semen sample collected, divided into 2 parts. One part of sample exposed to electro magnetic radiation emitted from commercially available cell phones with 850 MHz frequency keeping it at a distance of 2.5cm from sample, the other part kept as control.
Researchers found an in increase in seminal oxidative stress resulting in decreased sperm motility and viability.As...

Sat Aug 9, 8:16 AM ET NEW DELHI (AFP) - A birth certificate issued Saturday for asurrogate baby who has been in legal limbo since she was born in India may pave the way for a reunion with her biological Japanese father, a doctor said.
he certificate names Ikufumi Yamada, 45, as the father of Manji Yamada, born after eggs from an unknown donor were fertilised using the Japanese man's sperm and implanted in the womb of a surrogate Indian mother."The birth certificate has been given in the father's name. The mother's name is blank," Sanjay Arya, a doctor, told AFP on Saturday by telephone from the hospital where the child is being cared for.

"On that basis the Indian government can give her a travel document. Now it depends on whether the Japanese embassy gives her a travel document."
The baby girl's fate became unclear when Yamada, 45, and his wife divorced after the fertilisation process.Yamada's former spouse no longer wanted the baby and Yamada had...

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disease affecting about 5–10% of women of reproductive age One of the most important and newly discovered features of the syndrome is insulin resistance (IR), which is constantly accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia. Despite the frequent presence of obesity in PCOS patients and the wellestablished relation between obesity and IR, a specific mechanism of IR in PCOS, independent of obesity and consisting of a specific post-receptor defect, has been demonstrated. The rationale to use insulin sensitizers for ovulation induction in infertile PCOS patients is based on these findings.

The first study showing the beneficial effects of insulin sensitizers
on ovarian function was published in 1994 by Velasquez and co-workers (Velasquez et al., 1994). They demonstrated that metformin at doses of 1500 mg daily is effective in reducing body weight, improving menstrual cycles and fertility in PCOS...

Outpatient hysteroscopy and subsequent IVF cycle outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

A study pblished in RBM online published by "Assisted Conception Unit, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London"demonstrates a beneficial effect of hysteroscopy performed prior to ovarian stimulation on the outcome of the IVF cycle in patients having their first or subsequent IVF attempt. This positive impact on IVF outcome could be related to the ability of OH to reliably detect and potentially treat intrauterine pathologies encountered during the procedure such as intrauterine adhesions, endometrial polyps, submucous fibroids, endometritis or uterine malformations that could interfere with implantation . These pathologies have been shown to be present in up to 50% of infertile patients and the risk of their presence increases with increasing number of IVF failures .. The prevalence of intrauterine pathology encountered at hysteroscopy in the...

Following the introduction of vitrification as an embryo freezing tool,rapid strides have occurredVitrification is a process of rapid cooling of a liquid with a high concentration of cryoprotectant to achieve a glass-like solid state. This approach avoids the formation of ice crystals and it takes only a few seconds to freeze the embryos. The rapid freezing minimizes chilling injury and osmotic shock to the embryo.

Ideal characteristics of any cryoprotectant are low toxicity and high permeation ability. Ethylene glycol has proven to be a stable cryoprotectant, with less toxicity, high permeation ability (Valdez et al., 1997) and a wide acceptance as a principal cryoprotectant in both slow-freezing and vitrification methods. ethylene glycol diffuses into and leaves the embryos very rapidly due to its low molecular weight; hence embryos do not undergo osmotic shock during freezing and thawing procedures, compared with other cryoprotectants (Chi et al., 2002). solution.